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Leisure (Themes)

Appreciating life

The central idea is that there is more to life than rushing about and working.

Wonders of nature

One should take the time to contemplate the wonders of nature.

Leisure (Meaning)

Leisure is a simple yet beautiful and thought provoking poem written by William Henry Davies (W. H. Davies). In this poem, the poet wonders whether it is worth leading a life which provides one with no time for leisure.The poet, W. H. Davies, begins by questioning the purpose of a life which is so full of worry that it does not allow us any time to simply stand still and watch the world go by.

In the next few couplets, he describes the various things that people are not able to do due to lack of leisure.

Sheep and cows can often be seen standing still in vast open fields and staring into a distance. People living a busy life would not posses the leisure to stand under the branches of trees and keep gazing on and on like such ruminants.

W. H. Davies further adds that when such people pass a forest or a woodland, they would be in too much of a hurry to notice the nooks and crannies in the grass where squirrels conceal their nuts. They would not posses the leisure to notice the various aspects of the natural world around them.

In daylight, streams appear to be sparkling under the effect of sunshine making it seem as if the streams are full of stars like the night sky. However, such beauties of nature are likely to be missed by people overburdened by anxiety and living a life of haste without any leisure, remarks W.H. Davies.

There are two ways of looking at the fifth and sixth couplets of the poem: literally and metaphorically.

Looking at it literally- The poet states that the rush of life provides people with no leisure to turn at the glance of a beautiful maiden and marvel at her dancing feet.

They are unable to leisurely observe her as her mouth shapes out a smile that started from her eyes.

Looking at it metaphorically- W.H. Davies has personified the beauty of the world around us which many often fail to observe due to a lack of leisure. The dancing feet and enchanting smile refers to various aspects of the beauty around us.

In the final couplet of the poem, Davies states that a life which is so bogged down by worry that it allows one no time for leisure is indeed a miserable life. If you read the first couplet of ‘Leisure’ carefully, you will notice that although it ends with a full stop, (and is hence in the form of a statement) it can also be interpreted as a question asked by the poet. In that case, the final couplet can be seen as W. H. Davies’ answer to his own question.

A Fighter's Lines (Themes)

The important theme in this poem is patriotism. The persona’s experience of being a soldier and fought with the enemies and gone through hardships turned him to deeply love his country. But now he is old and disable and cannot do much to free his country from nowadays challenges. Even so because of his patriotism and he cannot bear to see the country sinks in the sea of lies, he urges the young to fight for it. He urges the younger generation to unite in spite of their differences and speak out the inequalities and dishonesties in the community so much so that the freedom retains.

A Fighter's Lines (Meaning)

Written by Marzuki Ali, this poem talks about the feeling of a retired soldier who had fought for the country independence. This poem is looking from the first person point of view whom is a retired soldier as the poem uses the pronoun I , as lies in the stanza:

I am old and worn

and have loss all my strength

sufferings

and the history of the fight for independence

have forced sacrifices

that know no name

or life

From this Stanza, we know that the persona once had become a soldier and he had suffered a lot to free the country from invaders. During that time, they fought with all of their will and as the consequences now he is wheelchair bound due to the loss of energy and he is now old enough to only be able to sit on the wheelchair while monologues. This can be proven in the Stanza 2:

from the wheelchair of the rest of my days

I, body and energy crushed

After years of independence, the persona sees that the people are trying to destroy themselves by engulfing into the world full of lies. He says that there is nothing much he can do as he cannot control people’s mind as how he once did holding guns to destroy invaders. This is shown in the Stanza 2,

see and cannot do much

these times are too big a challenge

for the remnants of my crippled years

the net of deceit spread everywhere

disturb me

Due to the spreading of lies, he now urges new generation to speak out their opinions and fight for their freedom. He tells us in order to fight for our freedom, first we have to be united, ‘erect a wall of people’ regardless of our races or religions and fight for the sake of our nation’s harmony. As lies in the Stanzas 3 and 4,

In the name of justice

Wake up and form ranks sons of our ancestors

Be brave

And erect a wall of people

Stand up heirs of our freedom

I have no more voice

It is you now who should speak!

Why does he write this poem? As most of countries nowadays are aiming to reach the highest level of developments, our country, Malaysia also do not want to miss it out. But, without we realize, we slowly losing our morality and our country slowly engulfing in a sea of lies. He stresses here that if we, as the younger generation cannot find the way to prohibit the dishonesties and lies, we are putting our country fate in a danger as this dishonesties can shake the stability of our country and the peace it possesses. That is why in the Stanza 4, he urges the younger generation to be united disregard of the races and religions to speak out their opinions. This is important as these lies able to distract the peace and harmony of our country and finally lead to fight.

Heir Conditioning (Themes)

The title “Heir conditioning” has the same pronunciation as “air conditioning”. Thus, the title itself has highlighted the differences between the generations. In the past, our grandparents lived on basic neccessities. Lives were simple without inventions of technology. Now, in our generation, we have all kinds of luxuries because of the advancement in science and technology. However, we have become materialistic and individualistic. Now, money is our new god. Lives are not simple anymore. Pollutions and other problems arise because of the luxuries that we are indulging ourselves in.

Heir Conditioning (Meaning)

“Heir Conditioning” talks about the conditioning of the minds of the younger generation who are so dependent on modern inventions in their daily life. Their minds are so conditioned to having modern inventions to manage their daily life that to them it may seem impossible to live without these inventions. The poet seems to suggest that to the younger generation, progress is measured by the availability of modern gadget.
The poem is presented in a conversational style manner between a grandfather-grandchild relationship. In the first stanza, the grandchild’s questions seem naive, childlike and amusing when the grandchild asks grandparents how they could actually live without modern inventions such as air conditioners, fans, and fax machines. In the second stanza, the poet is lamenting that this destruction is of their own choosing, deliberate simply because they do not fear God and nature, the way the grandfather’s generation did.